SEED DISPERSAL

BY


W. J. BEAL, M.S., PH.D.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND FORESTRY IN
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE






GINN & COMPANY

BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · LONDON






COPYRIGHT, 1898
BY WILLIAM J. BEAL



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
36.11






The Athenæum Press
GINN & COMPANY · PROPRIETORS · BOSTON · U.S.A.






PREFACE.


This little book is prepared with the thought of helping youngbotanists and teachers. Unless the reader has followed in detail,by actual experience, some of the modes of plant dispersion, he canhave little idea of the fascination it affords, or the rich rewardsin store for patient investigation.

A brief list of contributions to the subject is given; but, with veryfew exceptions, the statements here made, unless otherwise mentionedin the text, are the results of observations by the author.

I am under obligations for suggestions by my colleague, Prof. W. B.Barrows; my assistant, Prof. C. F. Wheeler; and a former instructorof botany, L. H. Dewey, now of the United States Department ofAgriculture. B. O. Longyear, instructor in botany, with very fewexceptions, has made the drawings.

W. J. BEAL.    

  

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN

.





CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I.—HOW ANIMALS GET ABOUT.

  

1.

Most of the larger animals move about freely


  

2.

Some animals catch rides in one way or another




CHAPTER II.—PLANTS SPREAD BY MEANS OF ROOTS.

  

3.

Fairy rings


  

4.

How nature plants lilies


  

5.

Roots hold plants erect like ropes to a mast


  

6.

How oaks creep about and multiply




CHAPTER III.—PLANTS MULTIPLY BY MEANS OF STEMS.

  

7.

Two grasses in fierce contention


  

8.

Runners establish new colonies


  

9.

Branches lean over and root in the soil


10.

Living branches snap off and are carried by water or wind




CHAPTER IV.—WATER TRANSPORTATION OF PLANTS.

11.

Some green buds and leaves float on water


12.

Fleshy buds drop off and sprout in the mud


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